{"id":235,"date":"2022-02-23T08:24:53","date_gmt":"2022-02-13T21:54:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/vorlage-3\/"},"modified":"2022-03-16T14:22:56","modified_gmt":"2022-03-16T13:22:56","slug":"helianthus-annuus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/helianthus-annuus\/","title":{"rendered":"Helianthus annuus"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":307,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,4,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-235","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all","category-asteraceae","category-dicotyledons"],"grid":"{\r\n \"colCount\": 14,\r\n \"colGutter\": 1,\r\n \"rowGutters\": [\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3\r\n ],\r\n \"frameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"leftFrameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"rightFrameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"topFrameMargin\": 100,\r\n \"bottomFrameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"rowAttrs\": [\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {\r\n \"classes\": \"ukraine\",\r\n \"bgimage\": {\r\n \"attid\": 308,\r\n \"url\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg\",\r\n \"sizes\": {}\r\n }\r\n }\r\n ],\r\n \"bgColor\": null,\r\n \"cont\": [\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

ASTERACEAE<\/p>

Helianthus annuus<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

National flower of the Ukraine<\/h1>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 0,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 11,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 6,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 4,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/flower_3.svg\",\r\n \"align\": \"bottom\",\r\n \"row\": 0,\r\n \"col\": 12,\r\n \"colspan\": 2,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 1,\r\n \"relid\": 195,\r\n \"attid\": 227,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/flower_3.svg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 1280,\r\n \"h\": 1280,\r\n \"ar\": 1,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"classes\": \"project-icon\",\r\n \"lightboxoff\": true\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 1,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 8,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Classification<\/strong><\/h1>

Helianthus annuus L., common sunflower, in Ukrainian sunyashnikiis, in French tournesol, in Spanish and Portuguese girasol, belongs to the dicotyledonous plant family Asteraceae.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 2,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 107,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 3,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 9\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 4,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 4,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 190,\r\n \"attid\": 305,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower-768x427.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower-512x284.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower-265x147.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 810,\r\n \"h\": 450,\r\n \"ar\": 0.5555555555555556,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"

Fig. 1: https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/the-top-sunflower-seed-producing-countries-in-the-world.html<\/p>\",\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Structure<\/b><\/h1>

Sunflowers are usually tall annual or perennial plants that can grow to a height of 300 cm or more. Each \\\"flower\\\" is a disc made up of tiny flowers, to form a larger false flower to better attract pollinators. The plants bear one or more wide, termina capitula (flower heads made up of many tiny flowers), with bright yellow ray florets (mini flowers inside a flower head) at the outside and yellow or brown\/red disc florets inside.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 4,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 3,\r\n \"relid\": 5,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 5,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 10\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower_distribution.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 6,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 5,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 281,\r\n \"attid\": 306,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower_distribution.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower_distribution-768x453.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower_distribution-512x302.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Sunflower_distribution-265x156.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 1010,\r\n \"h\": 596,\r\n \"ar\": 0.5900990099009901,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"

Fig: Distribution of Helianthus annuus worldwide. Green: Native; purple: Introduced (Source: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:119003-2)<\/p>\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Spatial distribution<\/b><\/h1>

The species originated in the arid region of the Great Plains in North America and was brought to Europe in 1596, first as ornamental and from the 1830s as oil producing plant. Now it is distributed almost all over the world.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 6,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 2,\r\n \"relid\": 191,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 7,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 11\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Cultivation<\/b><\/h1>

The plant needs fertile soil and sufficient fertilization. As originated from the steppe it needs low amounts of water but high temperature. Now i<\/span>t is widely cultivated for its edible seeds and oil and, to a lesser extent, as an ornamental. The use as oil-producing plant was first realized in the southern parts of Russia and the Ukraine. <\/span>Worldwide 56,072,746 tonnes of sunflower are produced per year. Ukraine (15 Mio tons per year), the Russian Federation (15 Mio tons per year) and Argentina (3.8 Mio tons per year) are the largest producers.<\/span><\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 8,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 6\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 9,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 12\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Nutritional value<\/b><\/h1>

Nutritionally, the embryo contains it its cotyledons 21-23% proteins, 36-57% polyunsaturated oil with a high percentage of linoleic acid, 12% carbohydrates, 6.3% dietary fibre and 3.3% minerals. The press cakes with 40-50% proteins is used as fodder for livestock.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 10,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 7\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 11,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 14\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Special features<\/h1>

Sunflower is pollinated by bees and some farmers place bee colonies in sunflower fields which produce honey as a by-product. While sunflowers originated in the Americas, they became commercialized in Russia and Ukraine. They became prevalent because the Orthodox Church permitted sunflower oil for cooking during Lent \u2013 something that wasn\u2019t extended to butter or lard. As for Ukraine, sunflowers are more than simply the country\u2019s national flower right now \u2013 they\u2019re a symbol of hope and unity.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 12,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 13\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 13,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 15,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

REFERENCES<\/h1>

https:\/\/www.berkeleyfloristsupply.com\/blog\/the-national-flower-of-ukraine\/, accessed 13.03.2022<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 14,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 1249,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

WE STAND WITH UKRAINE<\/span><\/h1>\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 15,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 5,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 5,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 694\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n}","phonegrid":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=235"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/307"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=235"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}