BRASSICACEAE<\/p>
NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE<\/p>
cultivation methods and health effects<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 0,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 11,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 6,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 4,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/flower_3.svg\",\r\n \"align\": \"bottom\",\r\n \"row\": 0,\r\n \"col\": 12,\r\n \"colspan\": 2,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 1,\r\n \"relid\": 207,\r\n \"attid\": 227,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/flower_3.svg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 1280,\r\n \"h\": 1280,\r\n \"ar\": 1,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"classes\": \"project-icon\",\r\n \"lightboxoff\": true\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 1,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 8,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"
Nasturtium officinale W.T. Ailton, watercress, belongs to the Brassicaceae family. It is similar to Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex. Rchb., onerow watercress is also found in Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia. The two species can hybridize and form the barren watercress, which is cultivated in England because of its high glucosinolate content.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 2,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 107,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 3,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 9\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"
This evergreen perennial herbaceous plant is an aquatic or semi-aquatic plant. It has hollow, rounded stems that range from 15 to 80 cm and lie in the water. The shoots are glabrous. The roundish rootlets sprout at the lower end. The small, grass-green, imparipinnate stem leaves usually consist of two to four (rarely one or five) pairs of leaflets. Adventitious roots sprout from the nodes. Many-flowered, loose racemose inflorescences develop. The hermaphrodite flowers are quadrupinnate. The petals are longer than the calyx. The white petals are 3 to 4 millimeters long. It has six yellow anthers. After flowering, the shoot often turns purple, due to antocynanins. The pods are 8 to 20 mm long and 2 to 3 mm wide and clearly contain up to 60 seeds in two rows. The pod is thus about the same length or longer than the fruit stalk. The seeds are honeycombed on the surface into about 25 squares. The thousand-seed mass is 2.8 grams. Flowering begins in late May, sometimes in June, and lasts until July. The fruits ripen from September to October. The chromosome number is 2n = 32.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 4,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 5,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 5,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 10\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_distribution.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 6,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 5,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 281,\r\n \"attid\": 133,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_distribution.jpg\",\r\n \"_1024\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_distribution-1024x542.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_distribution-768x407.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_distribution-512x271.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_distribution-265x140.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 1080,\r\n \"h\": 572,\r\n \"ar\": 0.5296296296296297,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"
Fig: Distribution of Nasturtium officinale worldwide. Green: Native; purple: Introduced (https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:287534-1)<\/p>\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"
Nasturtium officinale is a native to Europe and Asia. Watercress grows in nutrient-rich, streaming freshwater.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 6,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 2,\r\n \"relid\": 191,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 7,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 11\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_cultivation.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 8,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 5,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 864,\r\n \"attid\": 134,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_cultivation.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_cultivation-768x576.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_cultivation-512x384.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Nastium-officinale_cultivation-265x199.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 903,\r\n \"h\": 677,\r\n \"ar\": 0.7497231450719822,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"
Fig: Cultivation of Nasturtium officinale<\/em>\u00a0in hydroponics.(DOI: 10.5073\/JABFQ.2019.092.00X)<\/span><\/p>\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \" Watercress was already known by the ancient Romans as medical plant. It has a long tradition as fresh vegetable in winter times because it could be cultivated as long as the freshwater in the streams was not frozen. Due to its special demands, the cultivation of watercress declined although nutritionally valuable metabolites have been identified. Usually, watercress is cultivated in sophisticated held back streaming waters, but also grows well in moist soil or hydroponic cultures. When commercially grown, watercress cuttings or seedlings are planted into beds with a mixture of soil and gravel, leveled out to ensure even water flow through the beds. Upper parts of the watercress are harvested several times per growing season, leaving enough stem to ensure new growth.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 8,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 2,\r\n \"relid\": 6\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 9,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 12\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1620px-Nasturtium_officinale00_1x1.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 10,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 5,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 159,\r\n \"attid\": 132,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1620px-Nasturtium_officinale00_1x1.jpg\",\r\n \"_1280\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1620px-Nasturtium_officinale00_1x1-1280x1280.jpg\",\r\n \"_1024\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1620px-Nasturtium_officinale00_1x1-1024x1024.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1620px-Nasturtium_officinale00_1x1-768x768.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1620px-Nasturtium_officinale00_1x1-512x512.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1620px-Nasturtium_officinale00_1x1-265x265.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 1620,\r\n \"h\": 1620,\r\n \"ar\": 1,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \" https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Watercress is traditionally used as winter salad as it grows in flowing water even at cool temperatures as long as the water is not frozen. It contains high amounts of glucosinolates. These nitrogen and sulfur containing secondary metabolites are derived from amino acids and are synthesized by the plant to cope with biotic stressors. Glucosinolates and thioglucosidases (EC 3.2.1.147) are usually stored in different cells or cell compartments but get together once the plant tissues are disrupted. Thioglucosidases then hydrolyze the glucosinolates leaving an unstable aglucone behind, which further reacts to thiocyanates, isothiocyanates and nitriles depending on pH, metal ions and present specifier proteins. In the case of watercress, the eponymous glucosinolate gluconasturtiin predominates, a precursor of the breakdown product phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). Isothiocyanates and thiocyanates are very reactive substances leading to numerous conjugates with thiol containing compounds like N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, cysteine and many more, forming stable dithiocarbamates (DOI: 10.5073\/JABFQ.2019.092.00X). Many studies report that these breakdown products act anticancerogenic.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 10,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 2,\r\n \"relid\": 7\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 11,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 14\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \" In recent years, water cress becomes more and more popular again as a local vegetable. However, the demand is currently higher than the production. The nutritional effects of watercress make the almost forgotten interesting for nutrition again. The mustard oils of watercress show anti-inflammatory effects, as shown in a pilot nutritional study (DOI: 10.3390\/ foods10081774). Currently, a recirculating aquaponics system is being established and optimized with watercress and carp.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 12,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 13\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n}","phonegrid":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=131"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/132"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Cultivation<\/b><\/h1>
Nasturtium_officinale00.jpg#\/media\/Datei:Nasturtium_officinale00.jpg<\/p>\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"Nutritional value<\/b><\/h1>
Special features<\/h1>