{"id":121,"date":"2022-02-14T09:51:06","date_gmt":"2022-02-13T21:54:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/chenopodium-quinoa-2\/"},"modified":"2022-02-19T14:21:10","modified_gmt":"2022-02-19T13:21:10","slug":"chenopodium-quinoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/chenopodium-quinoa\/","title":{"rendered":"Chenopodium quinoa"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":117,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,5,20],"tags":[19,17],"class_list":["post-121","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all","category-amaranthaceae","category-dicotyledons","tag-amaranthaceae","tag-chenopodium"],"grid":"{\r\n \"colCount\": 14,\r\n \"colGutter\": 1,\r\n \"rowGutters\": [\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3,\r\n 3\r\n ],\r\n \"frameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"leftFrameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"rightFrameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"topFrameMargin\": 100,\r\n \"bottomFrameMargin\": 5,\r\n \"rowAttrs\": [\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {},\r\n {}\r\n ],\r\n \"bgColor\": null,\r\n \"cont\": [\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

AMARANTHACEAE<\/p>

CHENOPODIUM QUINOA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A tough plant for rough times.<\/h1>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 0,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 11,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 6,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 4,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/flower_3.svg\",\r\n \"align\": \"bottom\",\r\n \"row\": 0,\r\n \"col\": 12,\r\n \"colspan\": 2,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 1,\r\n \"relid\": 195,\r\n \"attid\": 227,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/flower_3.svg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 1280,\r\n \"h\": 1280,\r\n \"ar\": 1,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"classes\": \"project-icon\",\r\n \"lightboxoff\": true\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 1,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 8,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Classification<\/strong><\/h1>

Chenopodium quinoa Willd., quinoa, belongs to the dicotyledonous plant family Amaranthaceae.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 2,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 107,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 3,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 9\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_structure.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 4,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 3,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 190,\r\n \"attid\": 109,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_structure.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_structure-512x605.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_structure-265x313.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 686,\r\n \"h\": 810,\r\n \"ar\": 1.1807580174927115,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"

Fig: Salt glands on the upper side of the leaves of Chenopodium quinoa.<\/p>\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Structure<\/b><\/h1>

The annual Chenopodium quinoa is about 1 to 2 m high and has broad, hairy, lobed leaves, normally arranged alternately. The leaves are covered with salt glands (see picture). The woody stem is branched or unbranched depending on the variety.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 4,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 4,\r\n \"relid\": 5,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 5,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 10\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_distribution.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 6,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 5,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 281,\r\n \"attid\": 111,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_distribution.jpg\",\r\n \"_1280\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_distribution-1280x678.jpg\",\r\n \"_1024\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_distribution-1024x542.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_distribution-768x407.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_distribution-512x271.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_distribution-265x140.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 1358,\r\n \"h\": 719,\r\n \"ar\": 0.5294550810014728,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"

Fig: Distribution of Chenopodium quinoa worldwide. Green: Native; purple: Introduced (Source: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:165175-1)<\/p>\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Spatial distribution<\/b><\/h1>

The species originated in the Andes, specifically from Ecuador to NW Argentina.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 6,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 2,\r\n \"relid\": 191,\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 7,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 11\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Cultivation<\/b><\/h1>

The species originated in the Andes. During evolution and by human selection it was adapted to several abiotic stress factors. Now it is capable of growing at different altitudes, from sea level to high mountains, and at different environmental conditions, from cold to highland and tropical environments. Since only a few years Chenopodium quinoa is cultivated in many countries all over the world due to its high stress tolerance.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 8,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 7,\r\n \"relid\": 6\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 9,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 12\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_nutritional-value.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 10,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 5,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 216,\r\n \"attid\": 123,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_nutritional-value.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_nutritional-value-768x547.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_nutritional-value-512x365.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_nutritional-value-265x189.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 803,\r\n \"h\": 572,\r\n \"ar\": 0.7123287671232876,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"

Fig: Seeds of Chenopodium quinoa.<\/p>\",\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Nutritional value<\/b><\/h1>

Its grains have been consumed for thousands of years and, because they can be milled into flour and also used as a cereal crop, this plant is often classified as a pseudo-cereal. Chenopodium quinoa is considered a functional food due to high protein and lipid content, essential amino acids and minerals in its seeds. The protein amount in the seeds is not only remarkably high but is also has an optimal amino acid composition with respect to essential amino acids for human nutrition. As it a non-cereal it is gluten-free. Besides minerals, vitamins, phytosterols, saponins and bioactive peptides Chenopodium quinoa also presents a high antioxidant capacity due to its richness in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids. In addition to the seeds the leaves are consumed in several countries as vegetable or salad.<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 10,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 2,\r\n \"relid\": 7\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"hr\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\",\r\n \"align\": \"top\",\r\n \"row\": 11,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 14,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 14\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"img\",\r\n \"cont\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_cultivation.jpg\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 12,\r\n \"col\": 0,\r\n \"colspan\": 5,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 0,\r\n \"relid\": 220,\r\n \"attid\": 122,\r\n \"sizes\": {\r\n \"full\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_cultivation.jpg\",\r\n \"_768\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_cultivation-768x432.jpg\",\r\n \"_512\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_cultivation-512x288.jpg\",\r\n \"_265\": \"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Quinoa_cultivation-265x149.jpg\"\r\n },\r\n \"w\": 798,\r\n \"h\": 449,\r\n \"ar\": 0.5626566416040101,\r\n \"alt\": \"\",\r\n \"frameOverflow\": \"\",\r\n \"caption\": \"

Fig: Cultivation in the greenhouse: Chenopodium quinoa<\/em> cultivated at different salinities.<\/p>\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"type\": \"text\",\r\n \"cont\": \"

Special features<\/h1>

Although not belonging to the classical halophytes the species is highly salt-tolerant and can be even cultivated with sea water (about 35 g L-1 NaCl). Due to its high salt-tolerance it can also be used for biofiltering of saline wastewater (DOI: 10.1016\/j.jes.2018.02.022).<\/p>\",\r\n \"align\": \"middle\",\r\n \"row\": 12,\r\n \"col\": 7,\r\n \"colspan\": 7,\r\n \"offsetx\": 0,\r\n \"offsety\": 0,\r\n \"spaceabove\": 0,\r\n \"spacebelow\": 0,\r\n \"yvel\": 1,\r\n \"push\": 2,\r\n \"relid\": 13\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n}","phonegrid":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=121"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/121\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-textbook-of-botany.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}